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(A) It shall be unlawful for any person who is not a licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer to transfer a firearm to any other person who is not so licensed, unless a licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer has first taken possession of the firearm for the purpose of complying with subsection (t).(B) Upon taking possession of a firearm under subparagraph (A), a licensee shall comply with all requirements of this chapter as if the licensee were transferring the firearm from the inventory of the licensee to the unlicensed transferee.(C) If a transfer of a firearm described in subparagraph (A) will not be completed for any reason after a licensee takes possession of the firearm (including because the transfer of the firearm to, or receipt of the firearm by, the transferee would violate this chapter), the return of the firearm to the transferor by the licensee shall not constitute the transfer of a firearm for purposes of this chapter.(1)(2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to—(A) a law enforcement agency or any law enforcement officer, armed private security professional, or member of the Armed Forces, to the extent the officer, professional, or member is acting within the course and scope of employment and official duties;(B) a transfer that is a loan or bona fide gift between spouses, between domestic partners, between parents and their children, including step-parents and their step-children, between siblings, between aunts or uncles and their nieces or nephews, or between grandparents and their grandchildren;(C) a transfer to an executor, administrator, trustee, or personal representative of an estate or a trust that occurs by operation of law upon the death of another person;(D) a temporary transfer that is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm, if the possession by the transferee lasts only as long as immediately necessary to prevent the imminent death or great bodily harm, including the harm of domestic violence, dating partner violence, sexual assault, stalking, and domestic abuse;(E) a transfer that is approved by the Attorney General under section 5812 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; or(F) a temporary transfer if the transferor has no reason to believe that the transferee will use or intends to use the firearm in a crime or is prohibited from possessing firearms under State or Federal law, and the transfer takes place and the transferee's possession of the firearm is exclusively—(i) at a shooting range or in a shooting gallery or other area designated for the purpose of target shooting;(ii) while reasonably necessary for the purposes of hunting, trapping, or fishing, if the transferor—(I) has no reason to believe that the transferee intends to use the firearm in a place where it is illegal; and(II) has reason to believe that the transferee will comply with all licensing and permit requirements for such hunting, trapping, or fishing; or(iii) while in the presence of the transferor.(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, the Attorney General may implement this subsection with regulations.(B) Regulations promulgated under this paragraph may not include any provision requiring licensees to facilitate transfers in accordance with paragraph (1).(C) Regulations promulgated under this paragraph may not include any provision requiring persons not licensed under this chapter to keep records of background checks or firearms transfers.(D) Regulations promulgated under this paragraph may not include any provision placing a cap on the fee licensees may charge to facilitate transfers in accordance with paragraph (1).(3)(4) It shall be unlawful for a licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer to transfer possession of, or title to, a firearm to another person who is not so licensed unless the importer, manufacturer, or dealer has provided such other person with a notice of the prohibition under paragraph (1), and such other person has certified that such other person has been provided with this notice on a form prescribed by the Attorney General.(aa)
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), it shall be unlawful for any person who is not a licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer to purchase more than 1 handgun in a 30-day period.(2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to—(A) an individual with a certificate issued by a law enforcement agency of the State in which the individual resides certifying the individual has passed an enhanced background check;(B) a law enforcement agency or law enforcement officer or member of the Armed Forces, to the extent the officer, professional, or member is acting within the course and scope of employment and official duties;(C) a State or local correctional facility;(D) a private security company licensed by the State or unit of local government in which the company operates; or(E) the purchase of a handgun that is—(i) an antique firearm; or(ii) listed as a curio or relic by the Attorney General pursuant to section 921(a)(13) by a licensed collector.(bb)
(A) It shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture, import, sell, ship, deliver, possess, transfer, or receive any firearm that—(i) after removal of grips, stocks, and magazines, is not as detectable as the Security Exemplar, by walk-through metal detectors calibrated and operated to detect the Security Exemplar; or(ii) after removal of all parts other than a major component, is not detectable as a firearm when subjected to inspection by the types of detection devices, including X-ray machines, commonly used at airports, government buildings, schools, correctional facilities, and other locations for security screening.(B) It shall be unlawful for any person to—(i) knowingly possess a firearm or any completed or unfinished frame or receiver that is not imprinted with a valid serial number; or(ii) knowingly import, purchase, sell, offer for sale, or transfer ownership any completed or unfinished frame or receiver, unless the completed or unfinished frame or receiver—(I) is a firearm; and(II) is imprinted with a valid serial number.(C) It shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture or assemble, cause to be manufactured or assembled, import, purchase, sell, offer for sale, or transfer ownership of any firearm that is not imprinted with a valid serial number.(1)(p)
(C) the term Security Exemplar means an object, to be fabricated at the direction of the Attorney General, that is suitable for testing and calibrating metal detectors.
(A) The term assault weapon means each of the following:(i) A semi-automatic center-fire rifle or pistol with a fixed magazine capacity in excess of 15 rounds.(ii) A semi-automatic center-fire rifle that meets the following criteria:(I) Has the ability to accept a detachable magazine, not including an attached tubular device designed to accept and capable of operating only with .22 caliber rimfire ammunition.(II) Has 1 or more of the following characteristics:(aa) A folding, telescoping, or collapsible stock.(bb) A thumbhole stock or pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the rifle.(cc) A second handgrip or a protruding grip that can be held by the non-trigger hand.(dd) A grenade launcher.(ee) A threaded barrel capable of accepting—(AA) a muzzle brake;(BB) a muzzle compensator;(CC) a sound suppressor; or(DD) a flash suppressor.(iii) A semi-automatic center-fire pistol that has 2 or more of the following characteristics:(I) A second handgrip or a protruding grip that can be held by the non-trigger hand.(II) The capacity to accept a magazine that attaches to the pistol outside of the pistol grip.(III) A shroud that is attached to, or partially or completely encircles, the barrel and that permits the shooter to hold the pistol with the non-trigger hand without being burned.(IV) A threaded barrel capable of accepting—(aa) a sound suppressor;(bb) a flash suppressor;(cc) a barrel extender; or(dd) a forward handgrip.(V) A buffer tube, arm brace, or other part that protrudes horizontally behind the pistol grip and is designed or redesigned to allow or facilitate the firing of a firearm from the shoulder.(iv) A semi-automatic shotgun that meets the following criteria:(I) Expels single or multiple projectiles by action of an explosion of a combustible material.(II) Has 1 or more of the following characteristics:(aa) A folding, telescoping, or collapsible stock.(bb) The ability to accept a detachable magazine.(cc) A fixed magazine capacity in excess of 15 rounds.(dd) Any characteristic of like kind, as enumerated in items (aa), (bb), and (cc).(v) A shotgun with a revolving cylinder.(vi) A firearm that has the capacity to accept a belt ammunition feeding device.(vii) A firearm that has been modified to be operable as a firearm as described in clauses (i) through (vi).(B) The term assault weapon does not include a firearm that—(i) is an antique firearm;(ii) has been rendered permanently inoperable; or(iii) is manually operated by bolt, pump, lever, or slide action.(39)
(iv) any assault weapon; and
(cc) Prohibition on possession of assault weapons by individuals under 18
(1) In general
Subject to paragraph (2), it shall be unlawful for any individual who is less than 18 years of age to possess an assault weapon.(2) Exceptions
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to—(A) any person while present in his or her home or on the property of his or her parent, grandparent, or legal guardian and possessing the assault weapon with the consent of his or her parent, grandparent, or legal guardian who owns the assault weapon;(B) any person who, while accompanied by an adult, is present at a lawful shooting range or firearms educational class, provided that the weapons are unloaded while being transported;(C) any person who, while accompanied by an adult, is actually engaged in lawful hunting;(D) any person while engaged in official training or carrying out his or her duties as a law enforcement officer or as a member of the Armed Forces (including as a member of a reserve component);(E) any cadet who is participating in training, competitive, or ceremonial activities as a member of the Corps of Cadets or the Reserve Officers' Training Corps at a public institution of higher education; or(F) any active duty law enforcement officer in the course of his or her duties, including as part of training as a recruit at a law enforcement academy.
(q) A person who violates section 922(cc) shall be fined not more than $2,500, imprisoned for not more than 1 year, or both.
(11) is subject to a court order that prohibits such person from having under his or her custody or control, owning, purchasing, possessing, or receiving any firearms, or requires the surrender or removal of firearms from the person, provided that the order—(A) is issued in a manner consistent with the due process rights of the person; and(B) is based on a finding that the person poses a danger of causing harm to himself, herself, or others by having access to a firearm; or
(10) is subject to a court order that prohibits such person from having under his or her custody or control, owning, purchasing, possessing, or receiving any firearms, or requires the surrender or removal of firearms from the person, provided that the order—(A) is issued in a manner consistent with the due process rights of the person; and(B) is based on a finding that the person poses a danger of causing harm to himself, herself, or others by having access to a firearm,
(1) It shall be unlawful for a person to fail to provide notice to an appropriate State or local law enforcement agency of a firearm of the individual which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce, other than an antique firearm, that was lost or stolen within 48 hours after the person discovers the loss or theft or is informed by another person with knowledge of the loss or theft.(2) Except as provided in paragraph (3), a person who, in good faith, reports the loss or theft of a firearm under this subsection shall not be liable for any acts or omissions that result from the theft or loss of the firearm.(3) Paragraph (2) shall not apply to any person who—(A) knowingly reports a false loss or theft under this subsection; or(B) stored the firearm in a reckless or negligent manner under this subsection.(dd)
(r) A person who violates section 922(dd) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $250.
(7) An assurance that, for each fiscal year covered by an application, the applicant will use not less than 5 percent of the total amount of the grant award for the fiscal year to study and implement effective management and collection of data relating to lost or stolen firearms reported to the a law enforcement agency of the applicant under section 922(dd) of title 18, United States Code, unless the applicant has ensured, and the Attorney General has certified, that the applicant and each local law enforcement agency of the applicant is in substantial compliance with the reporting requirement in section 301(c)(1) of the Virginia Plan to Reduce Gun Violence Act of 2026.
(4) Minors
(A) In general
It shall be unlawful for a person to recklessly leave a loaded and unsecured firearm, which has moved in, or that has otherwise affected, interstate or foreign commerce, in such a manner as to endanger the life or limb of any other person who is under 18 years of age.(B) Exceptions
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to a person if the person—(i) keeps the firearm—(I) secure using a secure gun storage or safety device; or(II) in a location which a reasonable person would believe to be secure; or(ii) carries the firearm on his or her person or within such close proximity thereto that the person can readily retrieve and use the firearm as if the person carried the firearm on his or her person.
(s) A person who violates section 922(z)(4) shall be imprisoned for not more than 1 year, fined not more than $2,500, or both.
(12) has been convicted in any court of a misdemeanor crime of stalking; or
(8) who is subject to a court order—(A) that was issued—(i) after a hearing of which such person received actual notice, and at which such person had an opportunity to participate; or(ii) in the case of an ex parte order, relative to which notice and opportunity to be heard are provided—(I) within the time required by State, tribal, or territorial law; and(II) in any event within a reasonable time after the order is issued, sufficient to protect the due process rights of the person;(B) that restrains such person from—(i) harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner of such person or child of such intimate partner or person, or engaging in other conduct that would place an intimate partner in reasonable fear of bodily injury to the partner or child; or(ii) intimidating or dissuading a witness from testifying in court; and(C) that—(i) includes a finding that such person represents a credible threat to the physical safety of such individual described in subparagraph (B); or(ii) by its terms explicitly prohibits the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against such individual described in subparagraph (B) that would reasonably be expected to cause bodily injury;
(11) who has been convicted in any court of a misdemeanor crime of stalking,
(A) The term misdemeanor crime of stalking means an offense that—(i) is a misdemeanor crime of stalking under Federal, State, Tribal, or municipal law; and(ii) is a course of harassment, intimidation, or surveillance of another person that—(I) places that person in reasonable fear of material harm to the health or safety of—(aa) that person;(bb) an immediate family member (as defined in section 115) of that person;(cc) a household member of that person; or(dd) a spouse or intimate partner of that person; or(II) causes, attempts to cause, or would reasonably be expected to cause emotional distress to a person described in item (aa), (bb), (cc), or (dd) of subclause (I).(B) A person shall not be considered to have been convicted of such an offense for purposes of this chapter, unless—(i) the person was represented by counsel in the case, or knowingly and intelligently waived the right to counsel in the case; and(ii) in the case of a prosecution for an offense described in this paragraph for which a person was entitled to a jury trial in the jurisdiction in which the case was tried, either—(I) the case was tried by a jury; or(II) the person knowingly and intelligently waived the right to have the case tried by a jury, by guilty plea or otherwise.(C) A person shall not be considered to have been convicted of such an offense for purposes of this chapter if the conviction has been expunged or set aside, or is an offense for which the person has been pardoned or has had civil rights restored (if the law of the applicable jurisdiction provides for the loss of civil rights under such an offense) unless the pardon, expungement, or restoration of civil rights expressly provides that the person may not ship, transport, possess, or receive firearms.(34)
(1) In this subsection—(A) the term covered caregiver means a parent, a guardian, or another person who is not less than 18 years of age who is responsible for the care of a child under 18 years of age; and(B) the term violent felony has the meaning given that term in section 924(e)(2).(2) It shall be unlawful for a covered caregiver to, through a willful act or a willful failure to act, cause or enable a child in the care of the covered caregiver who is under 18 years of age to gain possession of a firearm—(A) after having received notice from a child welfare (or other comparable) agency, from a mental health provider for the child, or from an educational institution attended by the child that the child poses a risk of violence or physical harm to himself or herself or to others; or(B) after the covered caregiver knows or reasonably should know that—(i) the child has charges pending for or has been convicted or adjudicated delinquent of a violent felony; or(ii) the child has been determined by a State, local, Tribal, or Federal court to pose a risk of physical harm to himself or herself or to others.(A) A covered caregiver shall not be in violation of paragraph (2)(A) if, at the time of the applicable act or failure to act, the covered caregiver has received notice from a provider or entity listed in such paragraph that the child no longer poses a risk of violence or physical harm to himself or herself or to others.(B) A covered caregiver shall not be in violation of paragraph (2)(B) if, at the time of the applicable act or failure to act, the covered caregiver has received notice that any pending charge for a violent felony has been dismissed or a nolle prosequi has been entered.(3)(4) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution for a violation of paragraph (2) that the covered caregiver enabled a child to gain possession of a firearm while in a dwelling because of a reasonable belief that the covered caregiver or the child was in imminent danger of bodily injury.(ee)
(t) A person who violates section 922(ee) shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both.
(40) The term institution of higher education has the meaning given that term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001).(41) The term mental healthcare facility means a hospital that provides mental health services or s mental health facility, including any hospital that provides mental health services or developmental services, including an emergency department or other facility rendering emergency medical care.(42) The term mental healthcare facility zone means—(A) in, or on the grounds of, a mental healthcare facility; and(B) within a distance of 1,000 feet of a mental healthcare facility.
(1) It shall be unlawful for any individual knowingly to possess a firearm that has moved in or that otherwise affects interstate or foreign commerce at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is—(A) in, or on the grounds of, an institution of higher education; or(B) in a mental healthcare facility zone.(2) Paragraph (1) does not apply to the possession of a firearm—(A) on private property not part of an institution of higher education or mental healthcare facility, or the grounds of the institution or facility;(B) if the individual possessing the firearm is licensed to do so by the State in which the institution of higher education or mental healthcare facility zone is located or a political subdivision of the State, and the law of the State or political subdivision requires that, before an individual obtains such a license, the law enforcement authorities of the State or political subdivision verify that the individual is qualified under law to receive the license;(C) that is—(i) not loaded; and(ii) in a locked container, or a locked firearms rack that is on a motor vehicle;(D) by an individual for use in a program approved by the applicable institution of higher education or mental healthcare facility;(E) by an individual in accordance with a contract entered into between the applicable institution of higher education or mental healthcare facility and the individual or an employer of the individual;(F) by a law enforcement officer acting in his or her official capacity; or(G) that is unloaded and is possessed by an individual while traversing the premises of the applicable institution of higher education or mental healthcare facility for the purpose of gaining access to public or private lands open to hunting, if the entry on such premises is authorized by the applicable institution of higher education or mental healthcare facility.(ff)
(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), term misdemeanor hate crime means an offense that—(i) is a misdemeanor under Federal, State, Tribal, or local law;(ii) involves the use or attempted use of physical force, the threatened use of a deadly weapon, or another credible threat to the physical safety of any person; and(iii) has, as an element of the offense that the conduct of the offender was because of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, or national origin of any person.(B) A person shall not be considered to have been convicted of such an offense for purposes of this chapter unless the order is issued in a manner consistent with the due process rights of the person.(43)
(13) has been convicted in any court of a misdemeanor hate crime; or
(12) who has been convicted in any court of a misdemeanor hate crime,